Mayan Art Architecture Essay

Art for the Mayans was a reflection of their lifestyle and culture. For the Mayans art took several forms including: painting paper, plaster, carvings in wood and store, clay, stucco models, and terra cotta figurines from molds. Metal was very scarce and so it wasn’t commonly used. Mayan Art during the period, 200 to 900 has been considered the most sophisticated and beautiful of the New World. There is few remaining Mayan Art, which includes funerary pottery, ceramics, a building in Bonampak (which is around Chiapas, Mexico), has several murals. What is interesting is that Mayan art gave almost free reign to the artist. The artist was not required to produce a work that fit any particular rules. The art usually didn’t depict anonymous priests and unnamed Gods. Some archaeologists believe that art was only produced by the wealthy. Most of the people who lived were farmers who had to work hard to make a living. It is presumed that most of the art was done by sons of kings, and the artworks made were given as gifts or sold to other wealthy landowners. An interesting fact is that Mayans were one of the few civilizations that the artists signed their name to their work. ARCHITECTURE The Mayan architecture is the method the men spoke to the gods. The first Mayan pyramid was said to be built in Uaxatan, Guatemala, just before the birth of Christ. The Mayan architecture is one of the most recognizable. Each pyramid was dedicated to a deity whose shrine was at the peak. At the height of the Mayan civilization, cities like Chichen Itza, Tikal, Uxmal were created. URBAN DESIGN Mayan cities were spread all throughout Mesoamerica. Locations of cities were  not planned to a great extent. In fact, most cities seem to be placed haphazardly. The Mayans easily adapted their cities to their surroundings. Cities that were in northern Yucatan existed on flat limestone plains, while cities built in the mountains or on hills such as, Usumacinta, used the topography to raise their towers and temples very high. At the centre of all Mayan cities were large plazas, which held governmental and religious buildings such as the pyramid temples and ball-courts. Although it seems that most planning was done in a haphazard manner, the Mayans placed very special attention to the directional orientation of temples and observatories. They were always constructed in accordance with Maya interpretation of the orbits of the stars. Outside of ritual centers were the formation of lesser nobles, smaller temples, and individual shrines. These less sacred structures had much more privacy. Outside of the urban core were the less permanent and modest homes of common people. In essence, it was the most sacred and noble buildings in the centre and the further one got from the center the lower of importance the dwelling was in the Mayan hierarchy. In the classic Era the Mayans focused on great monuments (such as temples), public plazas. Interior Space was entirely secondary. In the later-post classic era the Greater Mayan cities developed into more fortress-like defensives structures that lacked plazas. The Mayans actually developed several unique building innovations, including the corbel arch which was a false arch achieved by stepping each successive block, from opposite sides, closer to the center, and capped at the peak. MATERIALS The Mayans lacked many construction technologies. They didn’t have metal tools, pulleys, and even the wheel – or at least they didn’t use the wheel as a means to help in work. Mayan architecture was based on manpower. All  stone was taken from local quarries, and they mostly used limestone. It wasn’t only used because there was an abundance of it but because it was easy to be worked with. The mortar generally consisted of crushed, burnet, and mixed limestone that is similar to cement, and it gave a stucco finishing. PROCESS The King or priests would supervise the labour of the common people. The peasants would work on the construction projects as a method to pay homage to the king and the state, and the construction typically took place when they were unable to do their agricultural work. The laboureres would carry loads of materials on their backs of roll them on logs to get them from the source, usually a quarry, to the site. The Mayans also had specialized workers such as architects who would oversee the construction of the buildings. STYLE Mayan architects did not build in right angles. They relied on bilateral symmetry meaning if you were to cut the building right down the middle, each half would look like a mirror image of the other side. They would also build temples on top of temples. This is one method on how they made some pyramids so large. COMMON STRUCTURES Ceremonial Platforms These were made of limestone, and less than 4 meters in height. Public ceremonies and religious rites were performed here. The buildings were often accented by carved figures, altars and sometimes a tzompantli. A tzompantly is a stake used to display the heads of victims, or defeated Ball game opponents. The word comes from the Nahuatl language of the Aztecs, however,  it has been applied to many other civilizations. The general interpretation is skull rack or wall of skulls. Palaces Needless to say, palaces were large and highly decorated. They were usually located at the center of the city and housed the city’s elite. Often, they were one-story and consisted of many small chambers and at least one courtyard. Sometimes, palaces were home to various tombs. E-groups Still a mystery today. The appeared on the western side of a plaza and they are a pyramid temple facing three smaller temples across the plaza. Some believe that these E-Groups are observatories due to precise positioning of the sun through the small temples when viewed during solsites and equinioxes. Pyramids and temples Most religious temples say atop very high Maya Pyramids – one theory stating that it was the closest place to the heavens. Most temples had a roof comb which is a superficial grandiose wall, they say the temples served as a type of propaganda. It was very occasional that these walls would exceed the height of the jungle. The roof combs would be carved with representations of rulers that could be seen from vast distances. Beneath the temple were a series of platforms split by steep stairs that would allow access to the temple. Observatories The Maya were very intelligent people, and they were keen astronomers, they had mapped out phases of planets. The method they learned about this is through their observatories. The Mayans had these round temples, often dedicated to Quetzalcoatl or what they called him Kukulcan, and if you go on tours many guides will say that they are observatories but realistically  there is no evidence to prove this. Ball Courts An integral part to any Mesoamerican lifestyle. This ins’t specific to just the Mayans but to basically every Mesoamerican civilization. Enclosed on two sides by stepped ramps that led to the platforms. The ball court was found in all but the smallest of Mayan cities. Explanation of The Game It was the first team sport in history and began over 3,500 years ago. The game wasn’t just for competition, the survival of the players and the spectators depended on the outcome.

Double Indemnity: Love of Manipulation or Manipulation of Love? Essay

â€Å"The basic tool for the manipulation of reality is the manipulation of words. If you can control the meaning of words, you can control the people who must use the words† (Phillip K. Dick). Manipulation in this book can be summed up in one phrase: It takes two to tango. This dance takes total control of the manipulator and the person being manipulated. Beauty and lust are two common methods of manipulating others. This novel successfully portrays the manipulation of two very clever women through their full and utter control of Walter Huff. In the book Double Indemnity, the author James Cain describes women as manipulators and clearly shows their power to negatively affect men. He illustrates this through the characters Phyllis and Lola. In extensively flirting with Mr. Huff, Phyllis was able to manipulate him into killing Mr. Nirdlinger, leaving her free of any punishment linking her to the murder. James Cain proficiently uses Phyllis’ character to emphasize the power of cruel manipulation used effectively by this woman. This is a reoccurring theme throughout the three literary time periods: Classic, Cozy, and Hard Boiled. The women in this story are powerful users of manipulation due to their beauty, which feeds Huff’s most fundamental emotions. These emotions are: being loved, cared for, a sense of belonging, and inflating their sense of self. With Phyllis’ relationship with Huff, â€Å"She is wholly coquettish as she woos Walter into her scheme to kill her husband. She even says she loves her husband, but shortly afterwards the repulsive side of her character reveals itself in her comment that they would be doing her husband a favor by killing him† (Beetz). Mr. Huff is an intelligent man who can plan and scheme a course of action. He hardly shows weakness of emotion and effortlessly completes the murder of Mr. Nirdlinger. Mr. Huff followed his script with ease and serenity. Walter’s downfall was Phyllis’ ability to manipulate him to her ends. Phyllis makes herself look dim and useless in Walter’s eyes in order to get him to take initiative, plan, and execute the murder. Phyllis skillfully has Huff commit the murder and then deceitfully shifts the blame onto him. While she was using him for her final solution, â€Å"Phyllis ferrets out the weakness in Walter’s character–his need to feel superior to others–and proves herself capable of sophisticated manipulation. For example, she fabricates preposterous ideas of how she might do away with Mr. Nirdlinger, like drowning him in the swimming pool and making it look like a diving accident, so that Walter can strut his knowledge and develop an idea that will pass muster with the insurance investigators but will also yield the greatest payout† (Beetz). Phyllis controls Walter shrewdly throughout the book, whether by devious manipulation or self-portrayed, feigned stupidity. Although Walter seemed as if he were the smarter of the two, Phyllis had full control of him for the duration of the entire novel. Women may use their beauty as an ill-hearted power to get what they want with this game of love. Many professional females may secure positions of power by utilizing their flirtatious skills and their sexual attraction as an influence on men’s emotions. Although James Cain portrays Phyllis and Lola as polar opposites, Lola is still able to use her naà ¯vetà ©, youth, and beauty as leverage and exploits the two men in her life: Nino Sachetti, her boyfriend, and Walter Huff, her paramour. Lola uses her innocent beauty as a coercive force to secure her intended goal with Huff. Huff is attracted to her and influenced by her persona of caring, comfort, and beauty. Many believe that, â€Å"The symbolism is in the [checkers] game that Phyllis and Lola play nearby. Lola says she’s going out to meet her girlfriend, denies any intent of meeting her boyfriend, the penniless Nino Sachetti. Yet when Huff leaves the house, he finds the sexy young Lola waiting for him in his coupe†¦ and once again he finds himself being manipulated by a woman. But who is manipulating who? As it develops, Huff’s ambiguous relationship with Lola fits perfectly with Phyllis’ second agenda† (Russell). Walter is a victim of manipulation, for his lust for these two women promotes and decides his actions more than his common sense. One should nott kill for love, as it is uncharacteristic and hypocritical. He’s killing to secure his sense of love, which was not found with Phyllis. Walter tries to abide his conscience when he settles for Lola as a consolation prize. Lola notices his weakness and exploits his emotions with her promiscuous behavior toward him. Lola’s entrapment of her innocent beauty gave her the upper hand in her relationship with Walter, eventually leading to her complete control of him: â€Å"She had made a fool of me. She had used me for a cat’s paw so she could have another man, and she had enough on me to hang me higher than a kite† (Cain, 80). His willing submissiveness verifies the overpowering influence that the emotional and physical attributes of these women use to their own ends. Walter believes that he is meeting his needs with this devil’s bargain. Mr. Huff allowed himself to be easily manipulated by women because he made himself believe that the women had something to give that he so truly desired. Walter killed Nirdlinger not out of hate—Huff did not have anything against him, he killed Nirdlinger out of pure lust for his mistress. Walter Huff kills for love, but he will die without being loved. Phyllis and Lola use the three poisons for love: manipulation, intimidation, and domination. These poisons make the foundation for securing their financial and emotional stability.

Culture and Mental Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Culture and Mental Health - Essay Example The definition of normality is undoubtedly value laden; the issue of culture must be addressed, not only in the treatment process, but in evaluation and diagnosis as well. Embedded in one's culture are beliefs and attitudes regarding spirituality, family structure, gender roles, and health care, all of which affect relationships, the choice of activity, and the preferred environment. In addition, cultural values vary tremendously and must be taken into account when planning any aspect of intervention. The effects of mental illness reach far and beyond the afflicted individual. They touch the family, friends, and caregivers as well. How the symptoms are managed depends on a great degree on the amount of information provided by the mental health professional. In addition, the cultural perspective will often dictate the level of shame and stigma that must be overcome and how treatment will be provided by the mental health system. Russia acknowledges their need for development in terms of their mental health system's community-based programs due to the country's diverse regional contexts. Since 1997, a series of projects were undertaken by Community Rehabilitation and Disability Studies and Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry are working hand in hand to facilitate the country's need for more community-based programs. Projects are being implemented in Central and South Russia and Siberia regions. The joint venture introduced the ideas and most outstanding performance of community mental health rehabilitation through specialized education and developing local pilot schemes, and assisted growth of parent and consumer support associations. The mental health system in Russia is at a premature phase of modification from an institution-based to a community-based practice. The modification is being strengthened by two factors: a rising perception that community behavior and maintenance is much more pleasing than extensive hospitalization; and, the monetary obligation to augment the proportion of outpatients getting psychiatric care, in opposition to those who are hospitalized. With a growing quantity of people with psychiatric illnesses, the demands upon the existing system of institutionalized care are at an all time elevation. About one fourth of all inpatients in Russia have been hospitalized for more than 12 months and this speed remains fairly steady. Among the patients who were hospitalized less than 12 months, the regular length of their infirmary stay go beyond 70 days per admittance, a very extended time in association with Western nations, with yearly readmission charges relatively high at roughly 23% (Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry statistics). Given the nonexistence of substitute community service models, there is no choice but to relocate a considerable fraction of long-term inpatients to specialized nursing homes for chronic mental patients, resulting in a course of 'transinstitutionalization' as a replacement for the more desirable 'deinstitutionalization'. An added problem is that existing federal health policies forbid transmittal of finances from institutional services to community alternatives, and no capital has been owed to the improvement of latest community services. Such strategies limit the potential for modification in the mental health system, and will have to be altered. The reform is progressing in the context of very limited knowledge of effective means whereby community-based services might be

Alzheimer's - Current research and treatments Paper

Alzheimer's - Current and treatments - Research Paper Example Beta amyloid protein damage cells by converting oxygen into hydrogen peroxide ‘bleach’ that corrode brain cells, interfere with message relays in the brain and signaling the cell to self-destruction (Patterson et al 120). In accordance to Patterson, Feightner and Garcia, there is a transition from epidemiologic observation to rigorous clinic test trials on Alzheimer’s patients which is crucial in understanding the most beneficial treatments amyloid Hypothesis is undergoing analysts alongside many trails aimed at reducing amyloid and plague which are completes and are in testing phases. Ways researched and documented are; anti aggregation agents, immunotherapeutic trials and modulation of secretases used in beta amyloid production. The major therapies of hyper-phosphorylated tau and novel targets are under research these therapies target the enhancement of serotonin receptor, factors of nerve growth, mitochondrial function enhancement, and advanced gyration product s receptor. Boothby and Doering articulate that Current scientific research and the treatment of Alzheimer’s ‘covers four core areas. First is to increase efficiencies of damaged nerves, donepezil hydrochloride and memantine hydrochloride drugs are used. They foster the cell efficiencies though their effect is short lived. Secondly, is inhibiting manufacture of beta amyloid proteins. Current experiments are performed to determine a molecule that prevents the process of the parent beta amyloid protein (Patterson et al, 120). This is aimed at reducing the production of these proteins. Subsequently a lots of research work concentrates on ways of inhibiting beta amyloid build up within cells. Patterson, Feightner, and Garcia Scientists theorize that the beta amyloid become toxic with each build-up, thus if broken down at an earlier stage, they become less toxic. Lastly, clinical studies are aiming at shielding nerve cells form hydrogen peroxide effects. Use of vitamin E as a shield shows little but impacting improvement in a group of Alzheimer’s patients. A range of antioxidants is being tested in research labs to determine if they can protect the cells. Though minerals such as copper iron and zinc metals are essential for brain functions, there is continued research on ways to prevent the minerals interacting with brain cells. Though treatments may be available, it is paramount to see that the disease risk factors are discovered and prevented. Such risk factors are cholesterol, high blood pressure, Diabetes, gender hormones, brain activity, physical activity and antioxidants and nutrition. Research shows that cholesterol increases the blood pressure hence aggravating the risk of blood pressure. Statin drugs are used to lower blood cholesterol though clinical studies depict them as ineffective if used over a long period. Alternative research studies have shown that amino acid homocsyteine increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s. Mean while, High blood pressure has a link between stroke and Alzheimer’s disease. High blood pressure damages blood vessels hence reducing the brain oxygen supply (Neugroschl and Sano 129). The Resultant 'oxidative stress' speeds up the production of amyloid protein. Subsequently, Diabetes is majorly associated with different type of dementia i.e. Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia. Both Diabetes and Alzheimer’s manifest similar characteristics in the elderly, that is deposits of amyloid protein in brain and pancreas. Women possess

The electric car , Practicalities and Prospects Essay

The electric car , Practicalities and Prospects - Essay Example In the context of this reality some of the states in the U.S. have passed laws requiring that a minimum percentage of sales made must be zero emission vehicles. Although the law does not explicitly mention electric car, they are the most feasible alternative as of now (Lave, 2005). Also, helping the case for electric cars are chemicals such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds are extremely hazardous to humans as well as the ecosystems they live in. Several studies have shown that the exhaust gases released by petroleum run cars are the contributor to this pollution. This pollution has no small part to play in the general increase in temperatures across the world, also called â€Å"global warming†. At this juncture the introduction of electric cars in the market is not only a good business opportunity but a better alternative for humans and their environments alike. In this respect, the prospects are quite good for electric cars in the near future, until a better technology replaces it (Newbery, 2001). On the flip side generating electricity for recharging batteries can lead to significant harm to the environment. A transition to electric cars, as made compulsory already in some parts of the world, is proven to be no more environment friendly than cars that run on low-emission petrol. Factories making lead-acid batteries would release higher levels of toxic lead. Low-toxicity batteries on the other hand are not yet suited for mass manufacture (Ochoa, 1997). The possible dangers of rechargeable batteries are illustrated in the following passage: â€Å"For vehicles that are to be mass produced in the future, lead-acid batteries are likely to be the only practical technology. Smelting and recycling the lead for these batteries will result in substantial releases of lead to the environment. Lead is a neurotoxin,

Freuds Ideas Remain Influential Even When They Seem Implausible Essay

Freuds Ideas Remain Influential Even When They Seem Implausible - Essay Example According to Freud, the ego comes about during the infancy stage of human development and the goal of this aspect of mental development is to find satisfaction for the desires of the id but in a manner which is safe (Freud, 2010). While the id is mostly dominated by the instincts of the individual, the ego is dominated by reality and despite the fact that it works towards the fulfilment of the desires of the id, the ego can be said to be based on the control of these desires so that they do not get out of hand. The ego, therefore, functions not only in the unconscious level but also in the conscious level and this ensures that there is a balance between the two. The superego, on the other hand, develops during early childhood when the child comes to identify with the parent of the same sex, and this parent becomes the compass for the child’s moral development. It is the superego which is responsible for the development and upholding of moral values among individuals as a means of ensuring that they behave in a manner which is in accordance with the values and norms of the society. Moreover, it is responsible for the feelings of guilt which afflict individuals when they commit acts which go against the values of the society (Freud, 2013), and this enables them to correct their mistakes. According to Freud, there comes a time when there are conflicts between the id and the superego and when this occurs, it is normally the role of the ego to act as a mediator and to decide the best course of action that can be undertaken to solve the conflict. It is because of this that in some cases, the ego puts in place defence mechanisms which are designed to ensure that it is not overwhelmed by anxiety and this enables it to make the right decision about what to do.  It has been declared that the theories brought forth by Freud, while very good at providing explanations for behaviour, are not quite good at making predictions for the possible occurrence of such behavi our. It is for this reason that there has arisen a belief that Freud’s theories are not scientific because they can neither be proven false nor true. An example of such a scenario is the determination of what takes place in the unconscious mind because of the fact that this is something which cannot be tested or measured in an objective manner (Levin, 2010). It is because of this that it is believed that the theories propagated by Freud are neither scientific nor do they have objectivity. Because of the relatively few samples that he used, it has been declared that Freud’s studies and results were unrepresentative of the general population since he mainly made studies of himself, his patients and only one child. Since most of the studies consisted of his patients, mostly women of middle age.  

INDUSTRY AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS Assignment

INDUSTRY AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS - Assignment Example Competitive pricing strategy is an example of the effect of intensive industry rivalry. UK retail industry has been selected for this assignment. UK retail industry is quite complex and saturated. The major players within this industry are trying to back or support the purchasing power of people in order to achieve potential competitive advantages and significant market share. Hike in fuel price, troubled housing and mortgage market influenced the retail industry in UK to change the overall business strategy. The organizations within the industry are trying to provide discounted budget and value-added commodities to the people. Several interesting aspects behind the topic motivated to conduct a research work (Ellis-Chadwick, Doherty and Hart, 2002, pp.9-11). This assignment will reveal some interesting facts that will enhance the knowledge about global business environment and impact of external environment factors on it. ... The leading organizations within the similar industry are trying to capitalize on the potential competitive advantages that have been developed due to several favorable external environment factors. It is known to all that globalization, implementation of advanced technology, favorable economic and political business environment are the major growth drivers of several global industries. The assignment will try to reveal the impact of several external environment factors on the business performance of a specific industry. It will discuss about the current profitability situation of the industry and the major factors behind this profitability. Moreover, the assignment will try to discuss about the impact of these factors in future business perspective of that particular industry. UK retail industry has been selected for this assignment. Several leading organizations, such as Tesco, ASDA, Morrison’s and Sainsbury’s are competing with each other within this potential growin g industry. These organizations are implementing several competitive strategies in order to secure their existing market share within the UK retail industry (Lewis and Thomas, 1990, p.22). It is true that several industrial and external environmental factors are controlling the business growth of this industry. Political situation, economic growth, technological revolution and social trend are deciding the growth of current UK retail industry. Several theories have been applied in order to meet the objective of the study. The study will analyze the impact of these factors on the business performance of Tesco. In addition, the study will design the future effect of these factors on the organization. Methodology A proper and effective research is

Reconstruction and protection at NJ shore Assignment

Reconstruction and protection at NJ shore - Assignment Example Dunes and wetlands that formed part of natural defense against tides, floods, and storms that often affect or destroy islands; notably, these protective barriers n were removed during the construction on these islands (Goudas 52). Water that receded from Sandy led to destruction on these islands with some areas or regions on the islands recording an overwhelming destruction that need reconstruction towards rebuilding the New Jersey islands. To help with reconstruction and the protection of the shore of the New Jersey, the project must be designed to reduce property damage and erosions that are associated with the regular coastal hurricane, storms, and northeasters. Reconstruction and protection project include the construction of tall dunes of approximately 22 feet high with about 125 foot long beams that are elevated about 8 feet above the water levels (Goudas 47). The structures of these standards or measurements will be perfect in protecting the island from storm and wave damages. Additionally, sand of approximately 11,000,000 cubic yards should be placed at the beginning of construction. These yards of sands should be followed by a periodic nourishment cycle that will contribute to approximately 2,000,000 cubic yard additional sand for every seven years (Goudas 73). Moreover, the seawalls shall be constructed to block that storm from the sea from causing damage of the island’s structures and infrastructure a s well as human beings. These reconstruction and protection measure of the New Jersey shores shall ensure that the shores are protected from the violent and destructive water waves from the Atlantic Ocean that often affects it. Goudas, Constantine. Soft Shore Protection: An Environmental Innovation on Coastal Engineering ; [first International Conference on Soft Shore Protection Held in October 2000 in Patras, Greece]. Dordrecht [u.a.: Kluwer Acad. Publ, 2003.

Dear Doug Essay Example for Free

Dear Doug Essay I am happy to hear you are adjusting to college life. I’m sure it’s a big change, but at least you have found friends to help you with the transition. It is also good to hear that you have a diverse group of friends, even though you do not all agree on the same thing. It will be a really good opportunity for you to show them the Christian view and maybe question their own beliefs. So I saw your question from Nathan about if God created all of nature, everything would be divine. No, not everything is divine, but God did create everything. Divinity has characteristics specific to itself that are lacking in finite (human) beings, animals, and material things. For instance, none of these are omniscient (all-knowing), omnipotence (all-powerful), omnipresent (always everywhere), or immutable (non-changing). Therefore, nature is created by the divine (God), and is a work of His creative nature, but nature is not divine in itself. Human beings were created in the image of God†, meaning that He provided us with the knowledge and gifted us the Holy Spirit, which gives us a connection, a relationship with Him. Now the question about the trinity is hard for everyone to understand. Since we as human are very visual and physical we try to understand that trinity in our own terms, but since it is something out of our nature we have a hard time grasping the concept that God is three in one. In the essay â€Å"Are all Religions One† by Douglas Groothuis he explains that there is one God (Deuteronomy 6:4), who eternally exists in three equal persons: The Father (Ephesians 1:3), the Son (John 1:1), and the Holy Spirit (Acts 5:1-5). The trinity teaches that there is one divine essence that exists in three persons, not that one person equals three. Also I do not think God is a human invention. If we believe that we exist because of matter and chance then how could we trust our own minds? There would be no reason to trust our own mind since there is no absolute truth. Also everyone has a sense of right and wrong, well again evil could not exist if there was no truth, and God is our truth. I think it is pretty hard to make say God is a human invention and then have no explanation for the creation around us. Last but not least you asked about what is the Christian view of God. The Christian view would be that Physical and non-physical things both exist, such as morality, minds, souls, and numbers. Also while physical things change, non-physical things do not. Therefore, Christians believe that God (non-physical) exist and is unchangeable. Along with that he is all knowing and all-powerful, creating the universe in which we live. God is not dependable on us, but we sure are dependable on him. I hope this helps answers some of your questions, have fun on your date night! Cannot wait to hear all about it. Sincerely,

Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World Essay Example for Free

Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World Essay 1. List four (4) 18th century European wars. p.542 2. Define, in short, John Locke’s political philosophy. p.542- 3 3. What was Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s political argument? p.543 4. European monarchs that supported some Enlightenment ideas were called â€Å"enlightened despots†. Who were these monarchs (examples) and why did they favor some Enlightenment ideas? P.543 5. What is Nicolas-Jacques Conte famous for? P.544 6. Describe at least 3 ways in which women were instrumental in the dissemination of new ideas. P.545 7. The intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment most deeply influenced what emerging class in Europe? P. 545 8. What were folk cultures and what were some of their characteristics? P.546-7 9. What two (2) related problems did the British face after defeating the French in 1763? P.547 10. Which Amerindian chief drove the British from some western outposts and raided Virginia and Pennsylvania at the end of the Seven Years’ War? p.547 11. What was the purpose of the Proclamation of 1763? P.547 12. What sparked a political confrontation that led to rebellion in the British N. American colonies? P.548 13. What was the Stamp Act of 1765? P.548 14. Who were the Sons of Liberty? p.548 15. What violent event radicalized many colonists against the British? p.548 16. Before declaring its independence (essentially war), list at least three (3) tactics used by American colonists in response to British policies. P.548 17. Who wrote the inflammatory pamphlet Common Sense? p.549 18. Read the excerpt from the Declaration of Independence. What kind of â€Å"rights† are expressed in the excerpt and what famous British philosopher popularized it? p.549 19. What convinced the French to enter the war on the side of the U.S. in 1778? P.550 20. What were at least two negative aspects of the government under the Articles of Confederation? p.551 21. Why were slaves counted as 3/5 of a person when considering representation? P.551 22. Until what year did the U.S. Constitution permit the slave trade to continue? p.551 23. What happened to King Louis XVI as a result of the French Revolution? p.552 24. (a)Describe the makeup of the Estates General. (b) Why did Louis XVI call a meeting of the Estates General after 175 yrs of recess? P.552-3 25. Which French Estate declared itself to be the National Assembly? p.554 26. What was the Bastille and what prompted common people to attack it in 1793? pp.554-5 27. List four things that were accomplished by the new French constitution. p.555 28. What happened when rumors of counter-revolutionary plots circulated throughout working-class neighborhoods? p.555 29. With whom did Robespierre forge an alliance? p.556 30. What was the period of repression led by Robespierre called? p.556 31. Why did Robespierre remove Sunday from the new calendar? p.556 32. Why did Napoleon succeed in forming Europe’s first popular dictatorship? p.557 33. How did Napoleon achieve support of the peasantry and the middle class? p.557 34. Napoleon’s arch nemesis was Britain, which he attempted to invade in 1805. What was the name of the decisive naval battle and what was the outcome? p.557 35. Napoleon’s invasion of what country eventually led to his demise? p.557-561 36. At what famous battle was Napoleon finally defeated after only one hundred days in power? p.561 37. What was the financial worth of Saint Domingue to French trade? P. 561 38. What destabilized the colonial government of Saint Domingue (Haiti)? p.561 39. What was the main purpose of the Congress of Vienna? p.563 40. The revolutions of 1848 were widespread across Europe and were inspired by what? p.564 41. Greece gained its independence in 1830 from whom? P.564 Free Response Focus Questions: Answer these questions in a 5-7 sentence paragraph. In your own words. Do not simply copy from the book and memorize the response. Know it. Support your response with plenty of facts. Understand where events fall historically (global context, cause/effect, etc) 1. How were the revolutions of the 18th century inspired by a body of new ideas? Discuss Locke and Rousseau in your response. 2. After defeating the French in North America in 1763, the British faced the related problems of continued westward expansion by its settlers and paying for governing the colonies (taxation). What did the British government do in response to these problems and how did they contribute to colonists’ resentment of the British government and eventual war? 3. Describe the nature of the fiscal crisis that triggered the French Revolution. 4. What were some of the reasons for the failure of the French Revolution to initiate lasting representative government and for the rise of the new dictatorship? 5. What were the causes of the revolution in Saint Domingue? 6. The Enlightenment as a social and intellectual movement impacted many segments of society. How did this movement affect women in the elite classes and the common women during the revolutions? Compare/Contrast Thesis statement 7. Compare and contrast the goals and outcomes of the French and Haitian Revolutions.